Bibliography on Moderate Cuban Politics -- Monographs

Resource Type: Monographs

Ackerman, Holly. Five Meanings of Cuba's Political Prisoners. Miami, FL: Cuban Studies Association, 1998.: This occasional paper describes and discusses the political prisoners in Cuba between 1959 and 1990 using order of entry into prison to conceptualize several eras and types that separate moderate from reactionary elements. The prisoners are defined as a demographically and politically diverse population; a defeated army/abandoned ally; political culture-bearers; a loyal brotherhood and an unfulfilled promise.
Aguilar, Luis E.. Cuba: conciencia y revolución (el proceso de una reflexión sobre el problema cubano). Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1972.: This volume is a collection of Aguilar Leon's writings between 1954 and 1969. Many of the pieces were originally published in the Havana newspaper, 'Prensa Libre' which can be found on microfilm at only two academic libraries in the United States. Therefore, the work's first virtue is that it gathers items that would otherwise be difficult to find. As the author himself points out, most of the articles call not for less radical action but for more debate and criticism on the best means for implementing radical changes that the majority of Cubans supported. The need for democratic process and for annunciated programmatic objectives is emphasized. The author argues that ruling by decree created anxiety, especially among elites, and reduced support for the revolution. The collection illustrates the debates of the era. It also provides examples of the origin and operation of the 'coletilla' system (a revolutionary denunciation and critique that was added at the end of newspaper articles judged counterrevolutionary).
Aguirre, Rafael A.. Amanecer: historias del clandestinaje: la lucha de la resistencia contra Castro dentro de Cuba. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1996.: The author was a founder of the Movimiento Democrata Cristiano (MDC). Like most accounts of the era, this one documents tactical maneouvers of individuals rather than the overall plan, values and beliefs of the movement. Indeed, the text reveals nothing of the meaning of Christian Democracy in Cuba. Rather, it illustrates the small social networks that elaborated minor acts of resistance eventually leading to the capture or exile of its participants. The MDC has evolved into the contemporary Partido Democrata Cristiano Cubano, http://www.pdc-cuba.org/
Alavez Martín, Elena. Eduardo Chibás en la hora de la ortodoxia. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1994.
Alfonso, Pablo M. Cuba, Castro y los católicos: del humanismo revolucionario al marxismo totalitario. Miami, FL: Ediciones Hispamerican Books, 1985.: This book analyzes the dynamic between the Catholic church and state in Cuba from the 1950's through 1980. It is written from the perspective of a lay activist and includes history and description of lay organizations particularly groups such as Accion Catolica and the Agrupacion Catolica Universitaria (http://www.acu-adsum.org/continua.html). The author's thesis is that politically active university lay groups that were important in pre-revolutionary society, deliberately elected compromise candidates during the immediate post-revolutionary period who were inexperienced. This was done to avoid factional political disputes between members whose primary alliance was to Fidel and those whose first concern was institutional democracy.

The author goes on to argue that the inexperienced leadership was ill-equipped to retain civil society the author concludes that the Church could not defend itself against revolutionary antagonism but hung on in reduced fashion by what were strong tap roots in Cuban culture.

The book also containes an appendix of primary documents consisting of proclamations made by Church leaders and an open letter to Fidel Castro signed by internationally known intellectuals at the time of the Padilla incident. It demonstrates the overlay and interplay of loyalties in the 1960's among participants from the insurrection of 1952-1959.
Allende B, María Isabel. La internacional socialista y América Latina: pasado y presente de una relación difícil. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Latinoamericano de Estudios Transnacionales, 1983.
Alonso Tejada, Aurelio. Iglesia y política en Cuba revolucionaria. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1997.: Alonso argues that there was an eventual accomodation between the Church and the revolution as a result of the expulsion of foreign priests and other revolutionary actions against the Church. He affirms Raul Gomez Treto's thesis that the Church and State have moved to more moderate postions going from evasion to re-encounter and finally to dialogue.
Amador, Dora. La sonrisa disidente: itinerario de una conversión. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal La Torre de Papel, 1998.: This is a collection of Amador's articles published in 'El Nuevo Herald' after 1990. Many of the articles are outside the time period of this bibliography but some involve interviews with or essays about moderates who were incarcerated in the early 1960's and were still active dissidents in Cuba at the time of publication. Their long view of the politics of the revolution and of the diaspora is discussed.
Ameringer, Charles D. The Cuban Democratic Experience: The Auténtico Years, 1944-1952. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2000.: In this work, Ameringer continues his intense interest in the understudied subject of the Autentico party and the nationalist, social democratic experience between 1933 and 1952. Like a striker with a placard, Ameringer lifts up this period, its parties and politicians. Essentially the placard reads, 'remember, there was a flawed but functional democracy evolving before 1959.' Ameringer has filled a gap by detailing the chronology of the era and providing a foundation for those who would understand problems of moderate politics in the 1952-1965 period.
Ameringer, Charles D.. The Caribbean Legion: Patriots, Politicians, Soldiers of Fortune, 1946-1950. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.: In this volume Ameringer describes the movement of a cache of weapons through various Caribbean hands as they were turned over to successive expeditionary forces seeking to overthrow dictators in the Caribbean in the 1940s and early 1950s. Cuban involvement is described and the Cuban meaning of conspiracy is illustrated. Conspiracy was a technique continued by Cuban moderates after 1959 that proved dysfunctional contributing to their eventual defeat.
Ameringer, Charles D.. The Democratic Left in Exile: The Antidictatorial Struggle in the Caribbean, 1945-1959. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1974.: Ameringer presents an alternative idea on control of the Democratic Left in exile during the 1950s - not that they were controlled by CIA but that the dedication of CIA money represented a shift in U.S. policy toward the democratic left. He applies this thesis particularly to the cases of trade and student organizations that were conduits of CIA money. Ameringer contends that the Democratic Left continued a well established, independent pattern not that it was seduced and directed by the U.S.
Arboleya, Jesús. The Cuban Counterrevolution. Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 2000.: First published in Spanish in 1997 as La contrarrevolución cubana, this is the English translation of Arboleya' s overview of the dissident movement inside and outside Cuba during the post-1959 period. The author recognizes diversity in political thought and distinguishes various eras of opposition describing alternative political currents.
Armas, Ramón de, and Francisco López Segrera and Germán Sánchez Los Partidos políticos burgueses en Cuba neocolonial, 1899-1952. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1985.: The book is composed of three essays on the history of bourgeois politics, one by each author, covering the periods from the origins and first surge in1899-1925, frustration of the 1933 revolution and the crisis of the system in 1934-1952. It is an excellent historical background to the insurrection of 1952-1959.
Azcuy y Cruz, Aracelio. El autenticismo en la Habana. La Habana: Editorial Lex, 1951.: This book is a compilation of various materials that provide useful background material on the Partido Revolucionario Cubano (Autentico) up to the 1950s.
Báez, Luis. Los que se quedaron: conversaciones con Luis Báez. La Habana: Editora Política, 1993.: This book, together with a companion entitled Los que se fueron, provides a series of interviews with those who supported the revolucion and those who sought to democratize it. Baez, a well known Cuban journalist who has traveled with Fidel Castro, presents a series of interviews with people who left Cuba, including well known political, media or entrepreneurial figures (Jose Pardo Llada, Goar Maestre, Jose Suarez Nunez) and others who are non-elites. A companion volume, Los que se quedaron includes interviews with political figures who stayed in Cuba.
Báez, Luis. Secretos de generales: desclasificado. La Habana: Editorial Si-Mar, 1996.: The book contains 41 biographies from military figures in Cuba, many of whom relate information about the defeat of moderates.
Bayo, Alberto. Ciento cincuenta preguntas a un guerrillero. La Habana: n. p., 1960.
Bayo, Alberto. Fidel te espera en la sierra. La Habana: Impresora Pimienta, 1960.
Bengelsdorf, Carollee. The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1994.: Although Bengelsdorf focuses specifically on the post-1989 period, in a general way, she locates the concept of democracy in the entire sweep of post-1959 Cuba. Her exploration of how and why democracy has failed to be incorporated into Cuban socialism is clear, comprehensive and well argued. Bengelsdorf asserts that external threat and internal counterrevolution made the liberal freedoms (speech, assembly, press, etc.) difficult and expendable in order for the regime to survive and to engage in social redistribution.She goes on to locate the factors within socialism that made democracy impossible.
Bethel, Paul D.. The Losers: The Definitive Report, by an Eyewitness, of The Communist Conquest of Cuba and The Soviet Penetration in Latin America. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969.: Published in 1969, The Losers brings together the writings of Paul D. Bethel, former press attache at the U.S. Embassy in Havana and subsequently the Executive Director of the U.S. Citizens Committee for a Free Cuba. The book examines the phenomenon of former revolutionaries (particularly members of the M-7-26, INRA, and other Castro affiliated entities) being deemed right wing extremists within days of defection. Bethel gives a substantial, though anecdotal, presentation of the extent and types of resistance activity inside Cuba in the early 1960s. Not surprisingly given his access to diplomatic sources, Bethel's is a more quantitative and comprehensive recitation than many of the personal accounts of Cuban participants who describe their immediate surroundings.
Bocourt, A. CIA Objective: To Destroy the Cuban and Latin American Revolutions. New Delhi, India: Embassy of Cuba - New Delhi, 1967.: The book contains the transcript of interviews with six Cuban dissidents sent from Miami to Cuba by the CIA between 1965 - 1967 & captured in Cuba. The interview took place at the Organization of Latin American Solidarity conference in 1967(OLAS). Three State Security agents conduct the main interviews and then invite questions from the 200 international journalists and conference attendees. The six prisoners describe their history both as independent dissidents and CIA employees.
Bonachea, Ramón L., and Marta San Martín The Cuban Insurrection, 1952-1959. New Brunswick, N.J.,: Transaction Books, 1974.: An exceptionally detailed and well written treatment of the 1952-1959 period. The authors questioned the reigning theory that the revolution had triumphed owing to a guerrilla 'foco' approach from the Sierra Maestra. They offer a more sophisticated and nuanced assessment of the importance of both urban and guerrilla forces. The history of the Directorio Revolucionario (DR) is restored in this work using a wide variety of primary sources including interviews with participants. Speeches made by DR member Joe Westbrook and other items attest to the essentially moderate, social democratic intent of the DR leaders.
Bonachea, Rolando E , and Nelson P Valdés Cuba In Revolution. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1972.: This edited volume contains a chapter written by Luis Aguilar entitled, 'Revolution and Counterrevolution.' The chapter is comprised of a series of Aguilar's newspaper columns from 1959. The reader can trace the author.s initial support of the revolution through a process of analysis and criticism and, finally, alienation following the arrest of Huber Matos in October 1959.These are well written pieces that evoke the temper of the times and growth of a collective mentality.
Bonsal, Philip W.. Cuba, Castro, and the United States. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971.: Philip Bonsal was the U.S. Ambassador to Cuba in 1959. This book is his reflection on his experiences in Cuba. He discusses the role and character of several moderate leaders such as Manuel Ray & David Salvador and includes a section on 'The Cuban Political Scene in May 1960' that discusses the moderate leadership.
Boti León, Regino, and Felipe Pazos Algunos aspectos del desarrollo económico de Cuba: (tesis del Movimiento Revolucionario 26 de julio). La Habana: Delegación del Gobierno en el Captiolio Nacional, 1959.: First published in Mexico in Humanidades and later in Revolucion Regino Boti and Felipe Pazos express the economic vision of the moderate wing of the 26th of July Movement.
Boza Masvidal, Eduardo. Voz en el destierro. Miami, FL: Revista IDEAL, 1997.: Written by the founder of the Union of Cubans in Exile, Boza Masvidal is the former auxiliary bishop of Havana who also served as Rector of St. Thomas of Villanueva University and as the parish priest at the Parroquia de Nuestra Senora de la Caridad. Following his expulsion from Cuba in 1961, Fr. Boza was the Bishop of los Teques in Venezuela until his death on March 16, 2003. This is a collection of his writings both in Cuba and in exile. It consists of inspirational readings on religious and political topics preceded by an Ideario that defines terms including: God, Religion, human rights, liberty, fraternity, work, property, state, family, youth, motherland, and exile. The essays expand upon these terms. The work provides insight into the opinion of an influential advisor to Cubans (both on and off the island) in general and to moderate Catholic political groups in particular.
Carbonell Cortina, Néstor. Por la libertad de Cuba: una historia inconclusa. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1996.
Casal, Lourdes. El caso Padilla: literatura y revolución en Cuba; documentos. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1971.
Castañeda, Jorge G.. Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left After the Cold War. New York, NY: Knopf, 1993.: The author traces the course of leftist politics in Latin America since the end of World War II and gives an impressive account of the role of Cuba throughout. The latter portion of the book is devoted to a reassessment of how leftist groups can succeed in the post-Cold War era. The author argues for a more moderate, social democratic approach. The book was first published in Spanish and is also available as La utopía desarmada.
Clark, Juan M.. Religious Repression in Cuba. Coral Gables, FL: North-South Center, Cuban Studies Project of the Institute of Interamerican Studies University of Miami, 1986.
Clark, Juan M., and Angel De Fana and Juan Figueras and Roberto Lozano Cuba, mito y realidad: testimonios de un pueblo. Miami, FL: Saeta Ediciones, 1992.: Clark and his colleagues have prepared a five part sociology of life in post-1959 Cuba based on extensive interviews and surveys of persons entering the diaspora over the course of thirty years. The work is organized into sections on: history, the political system, economy, religion, equality and privileged. It is a detailed work that reflects the composite intent, memories and experience of ordinary people who have chosen to leave Cuba.
Comision de Historia de los organos de la seguridad delestado. Las reglas del juego: 30 anos: historia de la seguridad cubana. La Habana: Republica de Cuba, Ministerio del Interior, 1988.: Las reglas del juego is a fascinating book of illustrations lauding the prowess of the Cuban State Security apparatus. The book is organized by social types and security campaigns. It describes a type of offender and then shows the dossiers, arrest records, trial transcripts or other documents related to the offenders. The groups range from Batista loyalists to revolutionary resistance groups such as the MRR & MRP.
Conferencia de Obispos Catolicos de Cuba. La voz de la Iglesia en Cuba: 100 documentos episcopales. Mexico DF: Obra Nacional de la Buena Prensa, 1995.
Conte Agüero, Luis. Cartas del presidio; anticipo de una biografía de Fidel Castro. Habana: Editorial Lex, 1959.: The writings of Luis Conte Aguero, a former Ortodoxo leader and media personality, are prolific but disorganized and redundant. At least 30 separate books exist. In order to be concise, only three representative volumes will be included here, one that corresponds to the 1952-1959 period when Conte was a friend and promoter for Fidel Castro; a second that corresponds to Conte's post-1959 anti-communist phase and a third dealing with the process and victims of revolutionary firing squads.

In Cartas del presidio; anticipo de una biografia de Fidel Castro Conte Aguero writes a prologue to a collection of 26 letters sent by Fidel Castro to various family members and supporters during his incarceration at the Model Prison at the Isle of Pines. They show Conte Aguero in a radicalized phase of his political career.
Conte Agüero, Luis. Doctrina de la contra intervención: sovietización de la economía cubana: ponencias, discursos y otros escritos. Montevideo, Uruguay: Ediciones Cruz del Sur, 1962.: The writings of Luis Conte Aguero, a former Ortodoxo leader and media personality, are prolific but disorganized and redundant. At least 30 separate books exist. In order to be concise, only three representative volumes will be included here, one that corresponds to the 1952-1959 period when Conte was a friend and promoter for Fidel Castro; a second that corresponds to Conte's post-1959 anti-communist phase and a third dealing with the process and victims of revolutionary firing squads.

"Doctorina de la contra intervencion" sorresponds to the anit-communist phase of the shifting beleifs of Conte Aguero, presenting what he called "doctrines in responce to Communism," Conte promoted these doctrines during speaking tours throughout Latin America and the United States. Although only vaguely defined, the doctrines include: Incompatibility, legitimate defense, state of dangerousness, subversion as aggression, and counter intervention. The book is available at several libraries and can also be found in microfiche via Reproduction: Microfiches./New York:/ New York Public Library,/ 1977./ 2 microfriches; 11 x 15 cm./ (NYPL FSN SC 015,062)
Conte Agüero, Luis. Paredón. Miami, FL: Colonial Press of Miami, 1962.: The writings of Luis Conte Aguero, a former Ortodoxo leader and media personality, are prolific but disorganized and redundant. At least 30 separate books exist. In order to be concise, only three representative volumes will be included here, one that corresponds to the 1952-1959 period when Conte was a friend and promoter for Fidel Castro; a second that corresponds to Conte's post-1959 anti-communist phase and a third dealing with the process and victims of revolutionary firing squads.

In this small volume, Conte Aguero has assembled the best known cases of former revolutionaries who were shot before revolutionary firing squads. The book presents short biographies of these celebrated cases and a list of additional confirmed executions without biographical information. The extended biographies are primarily of young men who were part of groups such as the Directorio Revolucionario during the insurrectionary phase and subsequently broke away into more moderate groups based largely on religios and anti-communist beleifs.
Costa, Octavio R. Luis J. Botifill An Exemplary Cuban. Coral Gables, FfL: University of Miami, North-South Center, 1992.: This book recounts the public life of Luis Botifoll who was the Editor of El Mundo, a pre-revolutionary Havana daily newspaper, Botifoll played a role in civic attempts to end the 'institutional crisis' under Batista through a negotiated transition.
Cuadra, Angel. Diez sonetos ocultos. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 2000.: This is a collection of of some of Cuadra's prison poems.
Cuadra, Angel. Homenaje a Angel Cuadra. Miami, FL: Solar, 1981.: As the title indicates this is a homage to Angel Cuadra, the Cuban lawyer, teacher, poet and longtime political prisoner. See other listings for Cuadra's poems and essays.
Cuadra, Angel. Luces entre sombras: La creacion literaria en el presidio politico cubano. Miami, FL: Ediciones Memorias, 2001.: Cuadra has presented in public gatherings and collected here in print the poems written by political prisoners while in jail. The poems are contained within an essay by Cuadra in which he conceptualizes types of prison writing and circumstance.
Cuadra, Angel, and Warren Hampton Angel Cuadra: The Poet in Socialist Cuba. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1994.: This volume, edited by Warren Hampton, contains essays, letters and poems of Angel Cuadra, a Cuban poet and lawyer who spent fifteen years as a 'plantado' political prisoner after allowing his protest poems to be published outside of Cuba. Researchers of moderate politics will be most interested in the two essays, 'Writers in Socialist Cuba' and 'The UNARE Underground Essay and Poems.' The first is an account of Cuadra's three years in Cuba following his release from prison and prior to his leaving the country. It contains a typology of writers and their politics. The latter, written in 1963, presents a lengthy and detailed statement of reasons for opposing the Castro government.
Cuadra, Angel, and Donald Devenish Walsh A Correspondance of Poems from Prison. Washington, DC: Solar, 1979.: This is a translation of Cuadra's work from prison.
De la Campa, Román. Cuba on My Mind: Journeys to a Severed Nation. New York, NY: Verso, 2001.: This is a personal account of the author who left Cuba in the early 1960's. It provides an oral history and reflection of one person's efforts to understand his divided homeland and to literally and spiritually maintain contact within a Democratic Left mindset.
Dilla Alfonso, Haroldo, and Gerardo González Núñez and Ana Teresa Vincentelli Participación popular y desarrollo en los municipios cubanos. Caracas, Venezuela: Fondo Editorial Tropykos, 1994.
Domínguez, Jorge I.. Cuba: order and revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1978.: Some reviewers have ranked this work as the second most comprehensive review of Cuban political history (with Hugh Thomas's Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom ranked first). About one third of the book is devoted to the pre-1959 history with a chapter devoted to the breakdown of the political system after 1952.
Ebel, Roland H., and Ray Taras and James D. Cochrane Political Culture and Foreign Policy in Latin America: Case Studies from the Circum-Caribbean. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.: Ebel and his colleagues apply the concept of 'political culture' to explain foreign policy in a number of Latin American countries including a pertinent chapter on Cuba.
Encinosa, Enrique G. Cuba en guerra : historia de la oposición anti-Castrista 1959-1993. Miami, FL: Endowment for Cuban American Studies, 1995.: In 'Cuba en guerra,' Enrique Encinosa has produced one of the most extensive, detailed and well organized studies yet published on the groups and individuals who opposed Fidel Castro after 1959. He documents their origins, leaders, philosophies, strategy and organizational trajectory from 1959-1993. His account is based largely on primary sources including extensive oral histories and correspondance with participants. Given its value to students and academic researchers, this is a work that should be translated into English.
Encinosa, Enrique G. Escambray: la guerra olvidada. Miami, FL: Editorial SIBI, 1989.: This is a history of the anti-Castro combat in the Escambray mountains told from the perspective of those who fought Castro between 1960 and 1965. it contains a listing of dead and wounded.
Encinosa, Enrique G.. Cuba, the Unfinished Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Publications, 1988.: Encinosa has compiled a set of twenty three testimonies from persons who worked actively inside Cuba from 1959 through the 1980s. Most became political prisoners. Some of these were promoting democratic or social democratic alternatives. Included are narratives from Polita Grau, Ramon Saul Sanchez, Angel Cuadra and Jorge Valls.
Escalante, Fabian. The Secret War, CIA Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959-1962. Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press, 1995.: Written from the perspective of the former head of Cuban State Security, this is an account of CIA campaigns against Cuba. Many moderate leaders are named and their alleged connections with the U.S. are discussed.
Esteve, Himilce. El Exilio Cubano en Puerto Rico. San Juan, PR: ESMACO, 1984.: Himilce Esteve produced one of the first studies of Cuban communities outside of the continental United States. She presents a demographic description of the Cuban community in Puerto Rico as well as a sociological and political assessment of the group.
Fagen, Richard R., and Richard A. Brody and Thomas J. O'Leary Cubans in exile: disaffection and the revolution. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1968.: Fagen & Brody's book is a classic of Cuban Studies and provides the demograpy and attitudes of Cubans in the U.S. during the early years of exile.
Fernández, Juan Carlos. Varios testimonios policiales. La Habana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1980.: This is the first in a series of books compiled by Fernandez to popularize tales about counterrevolutionaries and of their capture and control by Cuban State Security. Originally published as short stories in the magazine 'Moncada,' the books contain short police accounts in the 'true crime' genre. Other titles in the series include: Todo es secreto hasta un dia; Los rostros del secreto; Alguien se cubre el rostro.
Fernandez, Manuel. Exilio y esperanza, reflexiones cubanas, la ruptura interna del exilio cubano. Miami, FL: Saeta Ediciones, 1987.: Fernandez addresses the changes in exile since 1959, paying particular attention to the generation of young people born in Cuba but raised from an early age in the United States. He traces the gradual evolution of the unified exile to one with pluralistic experiences and opinions. He particularly expands on the history of the Instituto de Estudios Cubanos and the dialogo of 1978. It is an account that acknowledges and integrates moderate views.
Fernandez, Manuel. Religion y revolucion en Cuba. Miami, FL: Saeta Ediciones, 1984.: The author, an active Catholic layperson in Cuba prior to 1959 and co-founder of the moderate lay magazine La Quincena, has prepared a history of Church/State interaction during the first twenty-five years of the Revolution.
Fernández, Manuel. Religión y revolución en Cuba: veinticinco años de lucha ateísta. Miami, FL: Saeta Ediciones, 1984.: Written by a well known Cuban lay leader who was one of the founders of the Instituto de Estudios Cubanos (IEC -Institute for Cuban Studies) and the former director of Catholic publications in Cuba including 'Juventud' and 'La quincena,' this is a detailed history of Church/State relations from 1952-1983. The author argues that Fidel Castro's repression of the Church was based in strategic and tactical considerations related to the consolidation of power and not to doctrinal beliefs. Several important primary documents are reproduced in the work and others are quoted extensively. The author also includes biographies of the Cuban Bishops who signed pastoral letters in the first years of the revolution.
Ferrara, Orestes, and José Manuel Cortina and Néstor Carbonell Cortina Diálogo para la historia: correspondencia inédita entre Orestes Ferrara y José Manuel Cortina. Hato Rey, PR: Ramallo Bros. Publishers, 1972.: This is a collection of selected letters written between 1961 and1968 by right wing moderates. For a biography of one of the editors see the entry for Carbonell Cortina, Nestor.
Fuentes, Norberto. Cazabandido. Montevideo, Uruguay: Arca Editorial, 1970.: This is a polished and expanded version of Fuentes' earlier publication, Condenados del Condado, comprised of articles written in revolutionary publications during 1963 and 1969. The book contains anecdotes, description and interviews with 'alzados' (persons who had taken to the mountains to launch a counterrevolution against Fidel Castro). Fuentes traveled with the Revolutionary Army as they combed the island to eliminate alzados. Included are photos, interviews with Eloy Gutierrez Menoyo and others, diaries of captured alzados and a map of the areas where Fuentes traveled. He cautions that he has not described the universe of 'focos,' acknowledging that counterrevolutionary groups were located throughout Cuba during these years.
Fuentes, Norberto. Nos Impusieron la Violencia. La Habana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1986.: The book contains further tales of the hunt for resistance fighters in the Escambray mountains after 1959.
García Amador, F. V. La cuestión cubana en la OEA y la crisis del sistema interamericano. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami North-South Center, 1987.: La cuestión cubana en la OEA y la crisis del sistema interamericano was written by a former Professor from the School of Law at the University of Havana and later at the University of Miami. It is an interesting history of the role of the OEA in trying to moderate and influence the revolutionary government especially in regard to it's exportation of guerrilla groups in Latin America.
Gárcia González, Ivette. La Habana, tiempo de conflictos. La Habana: Ediciones Verde Olivo, 1998.: This is one of several recent histories published in Cuba on the subject of counterrevolutionary activity from 1959-1965. The author reviews the activities in Havana Province providing a chart with data on the names and numbers of these political groups, their social background and a chronology of activities related to the organized eradication of political opposition in the time period.
García Rodríguez, Manuel. Sierra Maestra en la clandestinidad. Santiago de Cuba: Editorial Oriente, 1981.: The editor compiles testimony from participants in the formation and printing of 'Sierra Maestra' when it was a clandestine newspaper. The book will interest persons studying moderate politics for its description of the small groups of individuals that eventually adhered to the 26th of July Movement.
Garcia, Maria Cristina. Havana USA : Cuban exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959-1994. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996.: Maria Cristina Garcia describes and analyzes the first three waves of Cuban immigration noting that it is 'From south Florida that emigrés waged their war against Castro, a paramilitary and propaganda campaign to discredit the Cuban leader and undermine his government that at times received financial and institutional support from the United States government. However, the Cubans were as diverse politically as they were socioeconomically. While opposition to Fidel Castro's government was the raison d'être of the community, the Cubans had different political visions for their country's future.' Garcia describes some of the moderate groups and their activities in the 1950s and 1960s. The book also exists as an ebook in NetLibrary. Access to the computer file may be limited to NetLibrary subscribers.
García-Pérez, Gladys Marel. Insurrection & revolution: armed struggle in Cuba, 1952-1959. Boulder, CO: Lynn Rienner Publishers, 1998.: This is a history of the M-26-7 in Matanzas province. Other revolutionary action groups operating in the area are described generally and only in passing, creating the distorted impression that only the M-26-7 was active in the area. The book is an expansion of Garcia-Perez's work published in Cuba Memoria e Identidad Un Estudio Especifico (1952-1958). La Habana: Los Pinos Nuevos, 1996.
Goldenberg, Boris. The Cuban Revolution and Latin America. New York, NY: Praeger, 1965.: Goldenberg, who was from 1948 -1960 a professor at Havana's Ruston Academy and then an advisor to Willy Brandt the Prime minister of Germany, approaches the complexity of the Cuban revolution using a theory of 'misdevelopment.' He views politics prior to 1959 as a series of missteps that left the country inappropriately developed. He presents a summary of the moderate political forces prior to 1959, their inadequacies and defeat.
Gómez Treto, Raúl. The Church and Socialism in Cuba. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1988.: This is an english translation of Treto's work on the Catholic church under socialism. It traces the history of church/state relations from the 1950's through the mid-80s. Treto conceptualizes phases of the relationship including, uneasiness (1959-1960); resistance to revolution (1961-1962); avoidance (1963-1967); rapprochement (1969-1978); dialogue (1979-1985). The political factions within the church are identified as are leaders, their strategies and tactics.
Hernandez Perez, Jesus. El Silencio Como Recompensa. La Habana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1988.: A selection of testimonies, news articles and articles from Moncada are gathered to demonstrate the fight put up by various branches of the Ministry of the Interior in eliminating antisocials and counterrevolutionaries from 1959-1988. Several moderate groups such as the MRR are discussed specifically.
Herrera, María Cristina. Temática cubana: Primera Reunión de Estudios Cubanos, Washington, D.C., Abril 2-6, 1969. New York, NY: Exilio, 1970.
Horlamus, Sepp. Mass Media in CMEA Countries. Budapest, Hungary: International Organization of Journalists, 1976.: Often referenced in Cuban and U.S. publications on the history of Cuban media, this hard to find work contains a seven page summary on Cuban mass media from 1724-1976. The pre-1959 period is treated in a few sentences. There is an incomplete listing of underground publications from the insurrectionary years (1953-1959) and most of the essay is devoted to discussion of the 1959-1976 government owned media. Overall, the text is poorly organized and lacking in detail. A copy of the Statutes of the Union of Journalists of Cuba is appended.
Ibarra Guitart, Jorge Renato. El fracaso de los moderados en Cuba, las alternativas reformistas de 1957 and 1958. La Habana: Editorial Politica, 2000.: Ibarra Guitart has produced a well documented and absorbing study of the failure of moderate politics in 1958-1959. He analyzes the inadequacies of the Church, the organized political parties and the U.S. government to offer a viable solution to the country's political crisis.
Ibarra Guitart, Jorge Renato. La SAR: Dictadura, mediacion y revolucion, 1952-1955. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1994.: In his first book, Ibarra Guitart looks at the Sociedad Amigos de la Republica (SAR), founded in 1948, which was formed by moderate, monied forces opposed to Batista's rule. The SAR attempted to mediate a solution to the crisis brought on by Batista's 1952 coup. Ibarra Guitart examines the role of the parties and personalities that formed the SAR concluding that their efforts were so inadquate that they helped assure Fidel Castro's rise to power.
Instituto Jacques Maritain de Cuba. La Mujer cubana: historia e infrahistoria. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 2000.: This volume assembles several presentations made on the theme of the Cuban woman at The University of Miami, North-South Center in March 1996. Among the chapters is one by Raquel La Villa (1940-1997) entitled 'La mujer cubana en la lucha contra las dictaduras.' La Villa presents the role and the roll call of women involved in working against Batista and Castro.
Karol, K. S.. Guerrillas In Power; The Course of the Cuban Revolution. New York, NY: Hill & Wang, 1970.: Guerrilllas in Power is Karol's comprehensive, partisan history of the Revolution and its antecedents. He gives particular attention to the role of the Communist party and its various alliances and acknowledges the importance of the Directorio Revolucionario but gives only passing attention to the complexities of the 1952-1959 period.
Kozolchyk, Boris. The political biographies of three Castro officials. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp., 1966.: The title of this brief report is misleading. Although it does contain three biographies (specifically, sympathetic portraits of Rene Anillo, Fabio Grobart, and Raul Roa), it provides a much broader and detailed analysis of each person as a representative of his generation. This information is then used to assess the complexities of the Cuban political environment in the early sixties. The author provides insight into the individual and collective process of political decisions in the era and relates them skillfully to Cuban political history and to Latin American intellectual life in general.
Kuchilan Sol, Mario. Fabulario. La Habana: Instituto del Libro, 1970.: The title of this work is taken from the author's regular newspaper column in 'Juventud Rebelde.' The volume is a collection of articles dealing with foibles of the Batista regime from 1933 to 1959.
Leguía, Carmen, and Ernesto Díaz Rehenes de Castro. Hialeah, FL: Linden Lane Press, 1966.
Lopez Blanch, Hedelberto. La emigracion cubana en Estados Unidos: Descorriendo Mamparas. La Habana: Editorial SI-MAR, 1997.: Lopez Blanch, a reporter for Juventud Rebelde, came to Miami in search of moderate views about the causes of emigration from the island and about the possibilities of reconciliation. This is the presentation of his study and its results.
Luque Escalona, Roberto. The Tiger and The Children: Fidel Castro and The Judgment of History. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1992.: This translation of Luque Escalona's short essays supports the center-right theory of Carlos Alberto Montaner that the existence of a revolutionary society and mentality in Cuba is what permitted the consolidation of a continuing totalitarian regime by Fidel Castro. The author gives a personal interpretation of key points in Cuban history.
Lynch, Edward A.. Latin America's Christian Democratic Parties: A Political Economy. Westport, CN: Praeger, 1993.
Marinello, Juan, and Luis Báez and Lionel Soto Memoria inédita: conversaciones con Juan Marinello. La Habana: Si-Mar, 1995.: This is a collection of interviews conducted with Juan Marinello who became the rector of the University of Havana under the revolutionary government.
Márquez Sterling, Carlos, and Manuel Márquez Sterling Historia de la isla de Cuba. New York, NY: Regents Publishing Company, 1975.: Intended as a textbook, this concise history is an excellent representation of the position of those who favored an institutional, electoral course over revolution. Carlos Marquez Sterling summarizes the political process and presents the political personalities of the SAR and their failed attempts to preserve an institutional framework through the elections of 1958.
Martínez Victores, Ricardo. 7RR, la historia de Radio Rebelde. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1978.
Medrano, Humberto. Caminos de papel. Miami, FL: Editorial AIP, 1977.: This is a second collection of the journalistic writings of Medrano with an introduction by Luis Aguilar León. See Sin patria pero sin amo for a description of the author and his work.
Medrano, Humberto. Sin patria pero sin amo. Miami FL: s.n., 1963.: This collection of opinion columns was written in 1961 by the well known, pre-revolutionary, sub-director of Prensa Libre and eventual Director of Radio/TV Marti, Humberto Medrano.They are not the type of fact-based pieces to which North American readers are accustomed. Rather, they are short, subjective, judgmental and technically well crafted. The collection allows us to see, day by day, what themes and events preoccupied the columnist and, by reference, his readers.
Morray, J. P. The Second Revolution in Cuba. New York, NY: Monthly R eview Press, 1962.: Written by a U.S. academic who worked in Cuba between 1960 and 1962, the thesis of this book is that the early years of the Cuban revolution can best be understood as a clash between Social Democratic and Communist ideas within the 26th of July Movement. He analyzes this struggle within the elites of the Movement and in the labor unions.
Navarro, Osvaldo. El caballo de Mayaguara. La Habana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1984.: 'El Caballo de Mayaguara' is the nickname given to Gustavo Castellon, a guajiro who lived and fought in the Escambray mountains, first with Che Guevara as a member of the 26th of July Movement and later as part of the 'combing' of the Escambray to eliminate counterrevolutionaries. The narrator presents Castellon's account of the personalities, conditions and events in the region between 1957 and 1965.
O'Connor, James. The Origins of Socialism in Cuba. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970.: Although O'Connor's well regarded work focuses primarily on political economy, he is one of the few authors who speaks directly about 'moderates.' Specifically, he considers how the support of moderates was obtained and maintained in the 1959-1960 period.
Orihuela, Roberto. Nunca fuí un traidor: retrato de un farsante. La Habana: Editorial Capitán San Luis, 1991.: This is primarily a recounting of 'La Trujillista' of 1959, the first major counterrevolutionary invasion of Cuba after January 1959 sponsored by the Dominican dictator Rafael L.Trujillo Molina. The account centers around Eloy Gutierrez Menoyo who organized the expedition and then betrayed his fellow conspirators. The invading counterrevolutionaries were arrested and imprisoned upon landing in Cuba. There are some later interviews with Menoyo following his own arrest on counterrevolutionary charges and subsequent imprisonment.
Orihuela, Roberto. Terrorismo Made in USA. La Habana: Editorial Capitán San Luis, 2000.
Orrego Vicuña, Claudio. De la cultura que tenemos a la cultura que queremos. Quito, Ecuador: Feso, 1987.: The author offers Christian Democratic analysis and solutions for the problems of Latin American authoritarianism.
Ortega, Gregorio. La coletilla: una batalla por la libertad de expresión, 1959-1962. La Habana: Editora Política, 1989.: Published in 1989, the book gives a pro-revolutionary history of the state takeover of the media in Cuba. Particular emphasis is placed on Diario de la Marina,Prensa Libre, el Avance Criollo and CMQ TV. It tells the story of the post-revolutionary 'coletillas' which were initially simply denunciations of the content of the press which was still in private hands. Eventually they became full blown articles refuting the content of the publishers/reporters.
Perez-Stable, Marifeli. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1993.: This is Perez-Stable's integration of critical themes in pre-and post-1959 Cuban history. Where others have sought breaks before and after 1959, Perez-Stable looks for continuities and roots.
Phillips, R. Hart. The Cuban Dilemma. New York, NY: I. Obolensky, 1963.: Ruby Hart Phillips was the New York Times correspondent in Cuba from the 1930's until she left in 1961. This is her third book about Cuba. It recounts political events inside Cuba between 1959-1960. Key political conversions from radical to moderate are recorded in an interesting and detailed journalistic style.
Pozo, Manuel, and Manuel Regueiro Robaina Memorias del Primer Congreso del Presidio Político Cubano. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1994.: These are the proceedings of a conference held 10 Oct. 1991 of the former inmates of the Presidio Político of the prison Combinado del Este in Cuba.
Prado y Salabarría, Wifredo del. Cuba, Destiny as Choice. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1986.: Using the work of Dr. Gustavo Pittalugo in Dialogos sobre destino as a point of departure, the author compares the generations of the 30s and 50s as a way to explore the political development of Cuba.
Ramírez, Vladimir A.. Miami: colonialismo y contrarrevolución: Cuba hoy, sus problemas y sus amenazas. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editorial CIBE, 1995.: This is one man's personal assessment of the well known counterrevolutionary exile groups and their leaders from 1959 through the mid-1990s.
Rasco y Bermudez, José Ignacio. Cuba 1959; artículos de combate. Buenos Aires: n.p., 1962.: Here we have a collection of articles written by José Ignacio Rasco in the newspaper Informacion. Rasco was one of the founders of the MDC and for many years the President of the PDC.
Ríos de Hernández, Josefina, and Amanda Contreras Los cubanos: sociología de una comunidad de inmigrantes en Venezuela. Caracas: Fondo Editorial Tropykos; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales UCV, 1996.: The book presents results of a survey of the Cuban community in Venezuela giving some history and demographics. Written from a position of revolutionary solidarity the authors were surprised by their findings, having expected a high level of political support for the Cuban government their surveys revealed more moderate attitudes.
Rivero Collado, Carlos. Los sobrinos del Tío Sam. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1976.: Rivero has written a history of revolutionary resistance groups from 1959 to the mid-1970's. The first half of the book describes the author's conversion from a reactionary opponent of revolution to a supporter of the revolution. The second half presents the author's revolutionary critique of both the reactionary and moderate political opponents of the revolutionary government in Cuba and in exile.
Rivero, Nicolas. Castro's Cuba; An American Dilemma. Washington, DC: Luce, 1962.: Rivero has written a short, readable and highly informative book that could easily serve as a brief overview for researcher studying the range of action groups and their leaders in the Cuban political spectrum of the 1960s. He clearly describes the political orientation of the dominant groups both in Cuba and in the diaspora.
Roca, Blas. Blas Roca en la Universidad Popular. La Habana:1962.: In this series of speeches Blas Roca, a labor leader in the pre-Revolutionary communist party (PSP), describes and defines who the counterrevolutionaries are, laying particular emphasis on members of the Catholic Church. Chapters on Friends and Enemies of the Revolution and the International Situation develop this subject.
Rodriguez Cruz, Juan Carlos. Hombres del Escambray. La Habana: Editorial Capitan San Luis, 1990.: This recent account of the counterrevolutionary forces in the Escambray mountains presents the thesis that the groups were supplied and recruited by the CIA and that the 1960-61 revolutionary campaign against them resulted in a change in U.S. site selection for the 1961 invasion that took place at Playa Giron (Bay of Pigs).The account is at odds with participant accounts which indicate that the groups in the mountains were poorly regarded and only sporadically assisted by the United States.
Rodríguez Salgado, Ramón. La ortodoxia chibasista: nacimiento, liderazgo y acción política de un movimiento. La Habana: Editora Historia, 1998.: The author examines not only the philosophy and actions of Chibas but the results of his beliefs particularly in the United States.
Roig de Leuchsenring, Emilio. Males y vicios de Cuba republicana: sus causas y sus remedios. La Habana: Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana, 1961.
Rojas, Rafael. Isla sin fin: contribución a la crítica del nacionalismo cubano. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1998.: Rojas offers an analysis of intellectual strands in Cuban nationalism from the Republican to the Revolutionary period. He describes and takes the balance of a more moderate and less bellicose interpretation of Cuban nationalism leading toward national reconciliation and an eventual return to a developed civil society. In the process, he takes the measure of the limits of revolutionary approaches.
Ros, Enrique. Años críticos: del camino de la acción al camino del entendimiento. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1996.: This is the third of eight books authored by Enrique Ros. In this volume Ros combines the personal narrative of a participant with a more academic historical approach. Ros, the father of Florida Congresswoman Ileana Ros Letinin, was a founder of the Christian Democratic Movement (MDC) in Cuba and coordinator of the CIA sponsored Frente Revolucionaria Democratica (Revolutionary Democratic Front [FDR]) in Cuba. In the present volume he relates the organization of internal resistance post-1959 with highly detailed accounts of participants and their shifting alliances between 1962 and 1967.
Salwen, Michael Brian. Radio and Television in Cuba: The Pre-Castro Era. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1994.: Salwen has written an informative history of Cuban radio and television that works on two levels. He tells the story of the individuals who owned and performed in these media and also provides an assessment of the major themes that account for their historical trajectory. He argues that radio and television served their owners primarily as business investments rather than as a public trust or a political vehicle. His broad presentation of major actors and their political shifts/continuities would be helpful to researchers looking for moderate, conservative or radical views. There are, unfortunately, several misspellings of Cuban names and places.
Soley, Lawrence C., and John Spicer Nichols Clandestine radio broadcasting: a study of revolutionary and counterrevolutionary electronic communication. New York, NY: Praeger, 1987.: Soley and Nichols have produced a unique and valuable source of historical information on clandestine radio. They include a chapter on Cuba that covers both the 26th of July Movement and subsequent revolutionary resistance groups in Cuba, Latin America and the U.S.
Suárez Rivas, Eduardo. Los días iguales. Miami, FL: s.n., 1974.: Written in 1976, this work summarizes and expands upon the author's 1964 volume, Cuba: Un Pueblo Crucificado. The work will be of value to researchers interested in the history and doctrine of the Autentico Party (PRC-A) as written by this 1923 student leader of the first FEU, former Liberal Party head, Senator, Head of the Congress and Senate, and Cabinet officer under Carlos Prio. Suarez-Rivas also gives an extended listing of progressive legislation passed under Autentico rule, though there is little analysis of the relative success of these measures.
Sweig, Julia. Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground. :2002.: Julia Sweig had the good fortune to be in the small group of scholars to gain access to the archives held by the Council of State related to the politics of the insurrectionary period. As a result, she has produced a revisionist history that makes the 1952-1958 period simultaneously clearer and more complex. The contribution of urban and guerrilla forces is sharply focused and the number and types of institutional actors involved are more fully described and analyzed. Many of the moderate groups are discussed as are archival sources in Cuba.
Taber, Robert. M-26; Biography of a Revolution. New York, NY: L. Stuart, 1961.
Talleda, Miguel L.. Alpha 66 y su histórica tarea. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1995.: Talleda, a leader of the California wing of Alpha-66 has addressed the question of an overarching political orientation of Alpha-66 through its various organizational and programmatic stages. He argues that A-66 was never a leftist or moderate group despite the sometimes socialist attitudes of Eloy Guttierez-Menoyo, A-66's titular head during many years of incarceration in Cuba and its best-known member. The separation of Gutierrez-Menoyo from A-66 after his excarcelation is offered as further proof of an absence of leftist orientation. Talleda also rejects the labels right-wing and nationalist, preferring to define A-66 as a group dedicated to armed struggle and the liberation of Cuba from communism with restoration of the 1940 constitution. Talleda has prepared a detailed and readable history of the organization that presents both the personalities and the program of the organization.
Taras, Ray. Leadership Change in Communist States. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1989.: In this edited volume, comparison is made among communist countries with regard to the function, process and bases of elite factions. Jorge Dominguez writes an excellent chapter on factions in Cuban politics after 1960. He points out that factions can serve the positive purpose of providing some debate and variation within a single party state and that the reduction of external threat after the Bay of Pigs and the export of dissent through emigration created an environment that was relatively safe for factions since the common enemy was not at the gate. He argues that factions clearly existed in the early sixties but were severely repressed in 1968, after which time factional behavior was all but eliminated by Fidel Castro.
Thomas, Hugh. Cuba; The Pursuit of Freedom. New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1971.: This is Thomas' voluminous, comprehensive and meticulous history of Cuba that is used as a standard reference and argument settler.
Urrutia-Lleó, Manuel. Democracia falsa y falso socialismo: pre-castrismo y castrismo. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Vega Publishing Company, 1975.
Urrutia-Lleó, Manuel. Fidel Castro & Company, Inc.: Communist Tyranny in Cuba. New York, NY: Praeger, 1964.: Urrutia, the President of Cuba from January to July 1959, relates his memories of the insurrectional phase when he was in exile in the United States and Venezuela, of his Presidency and of his forced resignation. He also analyzes the intent of Fidel Castro within an anti-communist framework. The book was first printed as Urrutia-Lleó, Manuel. Fidel Castro y Compañía, S. A. Barcelona: Editorial Herder, 1963.
Vargas Llosa, Alvaro. El exilio indomable. Madrid, Spain:1998.: The book is comprised of a series of life histories of the leaders of The Cuban American National Foundation, the best known of current exile political groups. Included is the history of Jorge Mas Canosa, CANF's founder and patron. His initial participation in the Christian Democratic Movement and other moderate groups is presented. Accounts of political prison are presented by former Batista loyalists.
Vivés, Juan. Los amos de Cuba. Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores, 1982.: Juan Vives relates his experiences as an insider in insurrectionary, revolutionary and exile phases of Cuban history.
Von Lazar, Arpad J, and Robert R Kaufman Reform and Revolution: Readings in Latin American Politics. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1969.: This edited volume contains an interesting chapter by Federico Gil on antecedents of the Cuban Revolution and the role of moderate politics.
Welch, Richard E. Response to Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959-1961. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985.: Welch has written an unusual book about U.S. attitudes toward Cuba between 1959 and 1961. He devotes three chapters to analyzing the right, center and left groups in the United States and assesses their degree of interest in Cuba/U.S. relations, their strategy for action and the efficacy of their various positions.He looks primarily at the press, academic groups and intellectuals. Like their counterparts in Cuba, the moderates are judged to have been ineffectual.
Williams, Edward J. Latin American Christian Democratic Parties. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1967.: Written before the formation of the Partido Democrata Cristiano de Cuba (in exile) (PDC) but simultaneous with the Movimiento Democratico Cristiano (MDC), this book gives a summary of the official position of Christian Democratic Parties in Latin America toward the Cuban government from 1959-1967. It also describes the Christian Democratic Parties of Latin America, their beliefs, factions, history and program.

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